Neutrophil elastase inhibitor therapy also concurrently reduced RV induction of histological inflammation scores (Fig. 5C), cellular airway inflammation (BAL total cells, neutrophils and macrophages with no effect observed on lymphocytes, Fig. 5D) and cytokine expression including the chemokines CXCL10/IP-10 and CCL5/RANTES and the pro-inflammatory mediators TNF, IL-1β and IL-6 (Fig. 5E, F) at 24 h post-infection. Here, TNF is linked to infection.