To elucidate the molecular mechanism of tissue damage in severe HFMD mice, we conducted transcriptome sequencing using the injured muscle tissue, and the sequencing results showed a significant upregulation of key cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, CXCL10, CCL2) in the severe group (Figure 2C). Here, CCL2 is linked to hand, foot and mouth disease.