EPAS1 and nonpapillary renal cell carcinoma: Intriguingly, we found that XMU-MP-1 also inhibited cancer cell growth of multiple VHL mutant ccRCC cell lines including 786-O cells in 2D cultures where HIF-2α pathway activity was dispensable for their growth (Fig. 1A–C) (30, 34, 35), raising the possibility that XMU-MP-1 could inhibit ccRCC cell growth through a mechanism(s) other than blocking HIF-2α pathway activity.