In a resting state, a higher percentage of APN−/− AMs were CD38+ and lower percentage were Egr2+ when compared to WT (Figs. 2C and 2D), while upon infection with A. fumigatus, percentages of both CD38+Egr2− and CD38-Egr2+ cells increased (Figs. 2C and 2E). The gene discussed is CD38; the disease is infection.