KRAS and cancer: However, consistent with the hallmarks of cancer [79], the altered host immune phenotype, together with the enrichment of genes related to KRAS signaling and the perturbation of genes involved in angiogenesis, ECM remodeling, cell adhesion, and tissue repair, can contribute to a carcinogenic microenvironment and may provide clues about possible mechanisms of S. haematobium egg traversal of host tissues and S. haematobium-related bladder cancer.