FAS and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: CSO may exert cardiovascular protection by reducing obesity-induced inflammation and protecting mitochondria through the PERK/SREBP-1c/FAS signaling pathway, which regulates lipid metabolism and inflammation (Xue et al., 2005; Zhang and Kaufman, 2008; Han and Kaufman, 2016; Saltiel and Olefsky, 2017; Wang S. et al., 2021; Chen et al., 2022).