Furthermore, upon comparison across subgroups, it was evident that ICAS patients had a significantly higher apoB/apoA-I ratio compared to patients with extracranial arterial stenosis (ECAS) and small artery occlusion (SAO) [mean ± SD: ICAS (0.98 ± 0.33); ECAS (0.78 ± 0.26); SAO (0.7 ± 0.23) (p < 0.0001)]. This evidence concerns the gene APOB and southeast Asian ovalocytosis.