TNF and hyperandrogenism: One study found an increased level of IL-6 only in the visceral adipose tissue of PCOS rats, and TNF-α and IL-6 in the subcutaneous adipose tissues of PCOS rats were similar to those of the controls (50), while another study suggested that increased subcutaneous adipose tissue could lead to hyperandrogenism and enlarged visceral adipose tissue volume in PCOS patients (51).