TNF and cancer: Regarding molecular mechanisms of GBP5 in relation to tumors, GBP5 has been shown to enhance tumor cell invasive potential via activation of IFN‐γ/signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) and TNF‐α/nuclear factor‐kappa B (NF‐κB) signaling cascades or Janus kinase 1 (JAK1)‐STAT1/GBP5/CXCL8 feedback loop in cancers other than head and neck.45, 46