NDUFS1 and colitis: We further examined the mRNA expression levels and protein expression levels of the characterized genes by qRT-PCR and western blotting, respectively, in the intestinal mucosal tissues of DSS-induced colitis mice and UC patients, and the results showed that the mRNA expression levels and protein levels of SLC7A11, CD2AP, NDUFS1, and LRPPRC in DSS mice were significantly decreased (Fig. 8c,e,f; Supplementary Fig. S1).