CCL2 and infection: Comparison of biomarkers from pre-infection to post ART-suppression, including correction for multiple comparisons, showed increased plasma levels of proinflammatory chemokines/cytokines MCP-1/CCL2 and IP-10 secreted by monocyte/macrophages and other cell types in response to HIV infection [27, 28] or stimulation by cytokines [29], and CRP, a marker of inflammation associated with infections, cancers, auto-immunity or tissue damage.