ALK and non-small cell lung carcinoma: Consistent with previous reports, we showed younger patients with NSCLC present with lower TMB and differentially expressed immune-related genes compared to older patients (7, 14), and that these observations were not driven by the presence or absence of underlying genomic alterations in key NSCLC driver genes ALK or EGFR. Further, we revealed younger patient tumors had markedly reduced gene expression related to activation of the innate and adaptive immune system, and that this reduction was most evident in male patients.