To characterize the inflammatory responses to the presence of viral infection in the tongue, IHC staining of the infiltrating inflammatory cells was performed, and as shown in Figure 1B, varying amounts of CD3+ T lymphocytes and CD68+ macrophages aggregated in the superficial part of the lamina propria adjacent to mucosa and around the salivary glands, while CD19+ B lymphocytes were rarely detected. Here, CD68 is linked to viral infectious disease.