MT-ND3 and COVID-19: Kumari et al. (2023) found at least 15 non-silent mutations in the ND5, ND4, ND2, and COI genes. Furthermore, mitogenome haplogroups M3d1a and W3a1b could be particularly associated with the pathogenesis of COVID-19. Mutations within the ND1 and ND2 genes and the D-loop were proposed to be related to the increased risk of a severe prognosis of COVID-19 and other mutations in those genes, as well as in the ND3 and COI genes, were associated with the lower risk of such a prognosis among representatives of the Han population (Wu et al., 2021).