TNF and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: These cytokines are integral to inflammatoryresponses and are implicated in metabolic dysfunctions, such as insulinresistance.44 The administration of LR069and LB031 was shown to reduce levels of TNF-α and IL-6 in gonadaltissues (Figure 4G,H),with TNF-α specifically measured in serum due to its significantrole in systemic inflammation linked to insulin resistance and adiposetissue dysfunction in obesity.45 Resultsconfirmed that probiotic treatment effectively reduced serum TNF-αexpression (Figure 4C).