TNF and cancer: Additionally,Several ATGs, such as ATG5, ATG7, and ATG16L1, aredirectly involved in regulating the production of pro-inflammatorycytokines and reactive oxygen species (ROS).63 ROS, a byproduct of cellular metabolism, can stimulate autophagy,further influencing inflammatory responses within tumors.64,63−67 Studies have shown that increased ROS levels can stimulate autophagyand enhance cancer cell survival in various cancers.68−70 Moreover, inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-6, andIL-8 can modulate autophagic activity in cancer cells, affecting tumordevelopment in complex ways.71−74