Besides the role of let-7a in NSCLC [66, 70], in the last decades a sizable fraction of miRNAs were implicated in modulating LC tumor suppressor or oncogenic mechanisms [71, 72], as well as many cancer pathways including RAS, RTKs, BRAF/MAPK, PI3K, PTEN, LKB1/AMPK, TP53, RB1/MYC, JAK/STAT and Wnt/β-catenin, which impact LC growth and metabolism, tumor microenvironment, angiogenesis, tumor invasion, and metastasis [71, 72]. This evidence concerns the gene PTEN and laryngotracheoesophageal cleft.