IL1B and systemic lupus erythematosus: As shown in Fig. 4H, SLE ICs and/or ICs-primed pEVs induced NETs formation/ hyperactivation was significantly suppressed in the presence of tRF-His-GTG-1 inhibitor (P < 0.005), accompanied by downregulated IL-1β, IL-8, and IFNα (Fig. 4I and J).