The spatial domain 2 were enriched in the GO terms and KEGG pathways of cell differentiation52–54 (Fig. 3e, Supplementary Fig. S15), and included cell markers, such as EPCAM, KRT8, and CLDN3, which are connected with epithelial carcinogenesis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) or cancer enhancement. The gene discussed is CLDN3; the disease is cancer.