Analysis of cell proliferation/tumor growth showed that ATP6V0A1 knockdown in human HCT8 colon cancer cells slightly (but significantly) increased their proliferation in vitro (Fig. 2I) and in immune-deficient NCG mice (Fig. 2J, K) but significantly suppressed their growth in immune-reconstituted huPBMC-NCG mice (Fig. 2J, K). Here, ATP6V0A1 is linked to colonic neoplasm.