PTEN and cancer: Ubiquitination has been reported to be involved in the metabolic reprogramming of cancer cells through the targeting of various molecules, including AKT serine/threonine kinase (AKT) [38], phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) [39], KRAS [40], epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) [41], hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) [42], c-Myc [43], p53 [44], nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) [45], mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) [46], and ERK [47].