ClinVar lacks ‘benign’ and ‘likely benign’ missense variants in VHL. However, function scores also cleanly separate n = 73 missense SNVs in the gold-standard ccRCC set from n = 99 missense SNVs seen in population sequencing at least twice and not deemed ‘pathogenic’ or ‘likely pathogenic’ in ClinVar (Fig. 4g). Here, VHL is linked to nonpapillary renal cell carcinoma.