In general, irrespective of glycemic control (HbA1c < 9.0% or ≥ 9.0%), gender (male or female), diabetes onset age (age < 40 or ≥ 40), and BMI (BMI < 30 kg/m2 or ≥ 30 kg/m2), the OAD group exhibited a more substantial reduction in HbA1c levels compared to the insulin group (Fig. 3). This evidence concerns the gene INS and diabetes mellitus.