VEGFA and cancer: A subset of TAMs have been implicated in the promotion of angiogenesis in tumours14,16 — these correspond to cluster 9 in our atlas, which is the only cluster to significantly differentially express angiogenesis-associated genes VEGFA, VCAN and THBS1. In addition, TAMs from this cluster highly upregulate two epidermal growth factors, AREG, which is involved in fibroblast migration via macrophage-fibroblast interaction77 and EREG, which promotes early cancer development78, as well as cytokine IL1B.