TNF and autoimmune disease: This activation cascades into the production and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-8, IL-6), exacerbating the body’s inflammatory response.[50] IL-17 Signaling Pathway: IL-17, closely associated with autoimmune diseases, plays a critical role in the inflammatory response and cytokine production post-tissue injury.[51] Research by Li et al[52] highlighted that the JNK/c-Jun and p38/c-Fos pathways, activated by IL-17A, upregulate COX-2 expression and PGE2 production, thereby mediating inflammation in tissue damage.