TGFB1 and neoplasm: T-cell dysfunction might occur due to the various damaging processes, including continual stimulation/proliferation events resulting in the diminished effector capacity, elevated amounts of tumor-derived reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the environment, T lymphocyte apoptosis, regulatory T cell endurance because of the high quantities of supporting factors like transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) (Grabowski et al., 2021).