IL13 and hydrops fetalis: Figures 4B–D illustrate that the three highly expressed pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-2), in the serum of HF rats were significantly downregulated in the presence of SFI. However, in the HF rat model (Figures 4E–G), the anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-4, IL-10, and IL-13 were elevated, reflecting the pro-/anti-inflammation imbalance. It has been shown that the levels of TMAO were related to inflammation (Wang Q. et al., 2022). As illustrated in Figures 4H, I, TMAO levels in serum and urine in HF were substantially elevated but decreased after treatment with SFI and MET.