Upregulation of the pro-inflammatory component of RAS is positively correlated with T2DM and may also alter the bone microenvironment by altering the bone marrow inflammatory status and reducing BMD by shifting the osteoprotegerin (OPG)/nuclear factor kappa-Β ligand (RANKL) ratio (Mkhize et al., 2023). This evidence concerns the gene TNFRSF11B and type 2 diabetes mellitus.