VGF and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Then, based on the LASSO algorithms, we identified six hub genes, namely, LGALS2, LTB, STEAP4, TPBG, VGF, and VNN1. Next, we verified the expression of these central genes in T2DM and OP mouse models and patients using RT-PCR, immunofluorescence, Western blot, and ELISA.