GDM and IUGR groups showed substantially higher CP ratios than normal individuals (t = 3.35, p = 0.000448 and t = 3.27, p = 0.000609, respectively) whereas PET exhibited a lower CP ratio than the control group (t = 17.15, p = 0.00001) (Table 1). The gene discussed is CP; the disease is fetal growth restriction.