Finally, other cytokines, including Interleukin-8 (IL-8) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) have been shown to be increased in the circulation following AKI and contribute directly to lung inflammation (Kelly, 2003; Hoke et al., 2007; Liu et al., 2009; Ahuja et al., 2012; White et al., 2012). This evidence concerns the gene TNF and acute kidney injury.