Importantly, novel biomarkers of kidney injury, such as kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) and insulin like growth factor binding protein 7 (IGFBP7) have been shown to predict moderate-severe AKI several hours prior to increased serum creatinine, and serial measurements of IGFBP7 have been shown to respond to clinical management (Fiorentino et al., 2020). This evidence concerns the gene IGFBP7 and acute kidney injury.