BMP4 and cancer: By transcriptomic analysis on CAF cultures from OSCC, Patel et al. (2018) described two different types of CAF, C1-type CAF (αSMAlow), which expressed greater amounts of BMP4 and were able to generate a higher proliferation of oral cancer cells and lower frequency of oral stem-like cancer cells; and C2-type CAF with a higher score of αSMAs (αSMAhigh), which exhibited lower BMP4 expression levels and induced lower proliferation of oral cancer cells with a higher frequency of stem-like cancer cells.