IL1B and infection: Controversially, Song et al. [72] claimed that grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) infected with A. hydrophila, intestinal pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1, IL-8, and TNF-α) were upregulated, and dietary S. platensis significantly reduced TNF-α and elevates IL-10. This difference was due to sampling time, as our samples were collected directly after 3 and 48 h post-infection.