Although the exact mechanism of TNF-α associated lymphopenia is still unknown, the cytokine was reported to promote lympholysis, increase the adhesion of the immune cells to the endothelial surface, and enhance the recruitment of lymphocytes to the lymphoid and non-lymphoid organs [73–75].Lymphopenia was reported to be combined with neutrophilia, especially in patients suffering from CSS [76]. Here, TNF is linked to lymphopenia.