TNF and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: The results revealed that high expressions of CXCL1 (Fig. 2B; adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 2.19; 95% CI, 1.01–4.75; P = 0.047) and CXCL8 (Fig. 2B; aOR = 2.36; 95% CI, 1.04–5.38; P = 0.041) were independent risk factors for significant weight gain, while high expression levels of CXCL1 (Fig. 2D; aOR = 3.72; 95% CI, 1.08–12.78; P = 0.037) and TNF (Fig. 2D; aOR = 2.95; 95% CI, 1.09–7.97; P = 0.033) were found to be independent risk factors for new-onset postoperative obesity.