Finally, significant differences were observed in P(VD) and P(FTD) based on their respective pathological markers; P(VD) varied between cases with and without arteriolosclerosis (P < 0.001) as well as old microinfarcts (P < 0.001), and P(FTD) differed significantly between cases with and without TDP-43 pathology (P < 0.001) (Extended Data Figs. 3f–h). This evidence concerns the gene TARDBP and frontotemporal dementia.