CCL2 and breast cancer: CD51-based TAM-targeted therapy may become another option to control pancreatic CSCs.255 TAMs-derived CCL2 effectively activates the AKT pathway in breast cancer cells, facilitating the nuclear transfer of β-Catenin and ultimately sustaining the stemness and EMT-related phenotypes of breast cancer.274 Similarly, TAMs-derived CCL22 was identified as a factor promoting stemness and invasiveness in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.