TGFB1 and liver cancer: In liver cancer-initiating stem cells, the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/Nanog/YAP1/insulin-like growth factor 2 mRNA-binding protein 3 (IGF2BP3) axis inhibits TGF-β pathway activity and tumor-initiating ability, which can be counteracted by TGF-β pathway activation (Fig. 4h).536 The interaction between the WNT pathway and hedgehog, Notch, and TGF-β pathways influences the differentiation of colorectal CSCs.