GJB1 and lung carcinoma: Activation of the PI3K/AKT pathway and the MAPK/ERK pathway respectively promote and inhibit the stemness signatures and tumorigenic potential of lung cancer.496 The liver cancer tumor suppressor Connexin 32 (Cx32) attenuates the activity of the PI3K/AKT pathway, thereby suppressing stemness and tumorigenicity.497 The tumor suppressor miR-30a binds to and inhibits 5’-Nucleotidase Ecto (NT5E), thus downregulating the activity of the NT5E-mediated PI3K/AKT pathway, thereby impeding the stemness and tumorigenicity of GSCs.498 Non-coding RNAs also play a regulatory role in the PI3K/AKT pathway.