TGFB1 and central nervous system cancer: MiR-495, identified as a stemness suppressor in oral squamous cell carcinoma, inhibits Homeobox C6 (HOXC6), thereby inhibiting the TGF-β pathway to prevent stemness characteristics and the EMT program of CSCs and induce their apoptosis.484 MiR-106b attenuates the expression of the inhibitory Smad protein Smad7 to trigger the TGF-β pathway and promote the EMT program.485 Angiogenesis is a crucial aspect of the metastatic cascade.486 Chen et al. identified Paired-Related Homeobox 1 (Prrx1) as a non-GSC stemness-promoting factor and a GSC stemness-maintaining factor in glioma.