LDHA and melanoma: Qiao et al.‘s series of studies confirmed that adjuvant therapy with DC vaccines based on ALDH+ cells significantly reduces local tumor recurrence, inhibits spontaneous lung metastasis, and prolongs host survival in lung cancer or melanoma patients, outcomes not achieved with DCs loaded with non-CSCs or an unselected cancer cell population.805,806 This advantage likely stems from the CSC-specific humoral and cellular immune responses generated by DCs loaded with CSCs.805,806 These encouraging preclinical results have propelled CSC-loaded DC vaccines into the clinical application phase.