THBS1 and oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma: CCL22 in the tumor microenvironment activates the FAK/AKT axis to bind and phosphorylate GLI1, thereby activating the hedgehog pathway.932 Additionally, M1-TAMs secrete IL-6 to upregulate the STAT3/Thrombospondin-1 (THBS1) axis, maintaining the stemness of oral squamous cell carcinoma.933 The interaction of TAMs and CAFs with non-CSCs populations can promote the transformation of CD44+CD24+ non-CSCs into CD44+CD24− breast CSCs.