VDR and urinary bladder carcinoma: Activation of PPARγ induced by inhibiting TRAF2- and NCK-Interacting Protein Kinase (TNIK) correlates with the reduction of osteosarcoma cell stemness and their differentiation into adipocytes.511 Downregulation of PPARD in the acidic microenvironment of colorectal cancer inhibits Vitamin D Receptor (VDR) expression, promoting the emergence of a CSC phenotype.512 Similarly, PPARγ activation effectively inhibits the stem cell phenotype of bladder cancer.513 Moreover, besides fat metabolism, the PPAR pathway also regulates CSC characteristics through glucose metabolism.