RICTOR and melanoma: Vemurafenib-resistant melanoma cells exhibit higher expression of CSCs-related markers such as CD271 and fibronectin.899 The Mechanistic Target Of Rapamycin Complex 2 (mTORC2) confers stemness characteristics to melanoma-initiating cells in Rapamycin-Insensitive Companion Of MTOR (RICTOR)-dependent manner, promoting melanoma cell resistance to vemurafenib (Fig. 8G).900 Overexpression of the stemness-related gene SOX2 in melanoma correlates closely with vemurafenib resistance.