APOB and Abdominal obesity: Metabolic syndrome, a complex of interconnected metabolic risk factors that include abdominal obesity, insulin resistance, high blood pressure, and atherogenic dyslipidemia (consists of an aggregation of lipoprotein abnormalities including elevated serum triglyceride and apolipoprotein B (apoB), increased small low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles, and a reduced level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C)) [3, 4], is an important contributor to T2D, CVD, and premature death [5–8].