CXCL12 and cancer: The chemokine CXCL12 (SDF‐1), mainly expressed by CAF in the TME, has been associated with checkpoint inhibitors resistance through T‐cell exclusion.[185] Zboralski and colleagues developed a spheroid system consisting of CXCL12‐secreting MS‐5 stromal cells and cancer cell lines from four different origins (pancreatic adenocarcinoma, CRC, non‐small cell lung cancer – NSCLC and glioblastoma cells).