FOXO3 and Parkinsonism: The pro-apoptotic function of Foxo3a within Parkinson’s brain tissues, along with its downstream modulation of proteins such as Bim, PUMA, and FasL, underscores its role as a pivotal factor in Parkinson’s pathology (Sanphui et al., 2020; Wu et al., 2021; Bhattacharyya et al., 2023).