One study in the United States (34) detected CHI3L1 gene expression in the liver tissues of 64 patients with liver cirrhosis of different etiologies using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction testing: CHI3L1 expression was significantly higher in the livers of patients with liver cirrhosis of various etiologies than in controls, with the highest in cirrhosis due to HDV, followed by HCV, HBV, and alcoholic cirrhosis. Here, CHI3L1 is linked to cirrhosis of liver.