Figure 15C illustrates the intricate relationships between hub genes and immune cells in OA, highlighting activated CD8 T cells, immature dendritic cells, natural killer T cells, and mast cells as the most prominent cell types associated with these genes. The interactions between sarcopenia and immune cells, as well as those between OA and immune cells, are comprehensively visualized in Figures 14A,B, 15A,B, presented as a heatmap and violin plot, respectively. Here, CD8A is linked to sarcopenia.