On the fetal side of the placenta, two CpGs (cg08231348, cg11792516) associated with MCPP were located within 200 base pairs of the TSS region of the hook microtubule tethering protein (HOOK1) gene, and two CpGs (cg02788400, cg05505803) located within 200 base pairs of the TSS region of the DAZ (deleted in azoospermia) interacting zinc finger protein (DZIP1) gene. Here, ZNF146 is linked to Azoospermia.