VEGFA and glioma: Glioma CSCs generate and release immune cytokines such as soluble colony-stimulating factor (sCSF-1), transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, C-C motif chemokine 2 (CCL2), VEGF, macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1 (MIC-1), and galectin-3 into TME, contributing to the suppression of innate immunity characterized by the induction of immunosuppressive macrophages and regulatory T cells and effector T cell apoptosis (147, 148).