While these major cytokines might not represent direct therapeutic targets, we also identified IL-29/IFN-ƛ1 and soluble receptors IL6R alpha (targeted by Tocilizumab) and TNFR2 (targeted by several biologics), which have been safely and effectively applied in several clinical trials of other inflammatory diseases, representing untapped potential for future clinical trials in HAM. Here, TNFRSF1B is linked to tropical spastic paraparesis.