showed that RES can increase the expression of adiponectin receptors 1/2 (AdipoR 1/2) and activate the AMPK-SIRT1-PGC-1α axis, thereby alleviating endothelial dysfunction caused by lipotoxicity, oxidative stress, and apoptosis, and preventing diabetic nephropathy (195, 196). This evidence concerns the gene SIRT1 and diabetic kidney disease.