CAR T-cell functionality could be better preserved by acting on immunosuppressive immune cells in the TME (Tregs, tumor-associated fibroblasts, myeloid-derived suppressor cells), on immunosuppressive soluble factors (such as TGF-β and IL-4), or on inhibitory receptors and ligands expressed by tumor or stromal cells (such as immune checkpoint ligands). Here, TGFB1 is linked to neoplasm.