Fourth, targeting CCL2 proved benefits not only for the alveolar and mesenchymal compartment but equally for vascularization of the lung which is critical for treatment efficacy as infants with BPD are particularly affected by stunted alveolarization and at long-term risk when alveolar simplification is accompanied by impaired pulmonary vessel formation and pulmonary hypertension [45]. This evidence concerns the gene CCL2 and bronchopulmonary dysplasia.