Co-existent insulin resistance from obesity and physical inactivity, may accelerate or worsen this situation by increasing insulin secretion, and potentiating β-cell failure.The Restoring Insulin SEcretion (RISE) study has been important in increasing our understanding of these mechanisms by allowing for direct comparisons between youth and adults with pre-diabetes and recently diagnosed T2D [43]. The gene discussed is INS; the disease is diabetes mellitus.