S100B and clostridium difficile infection: S100β modulates the inflammatory response during CDI, by upregulating proinflammatory mediators such as IL-1β, IL-18, IL-6, Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), TNF-α, IL-17, IL-23, and IL-2, that promotes immune cells recruitment and downregulating the protective mediators, including SOCS2, IL-22, and BCL-2 that lead to epithelial damage (97).