Taken together, these studies suggest that TAMs-derived PD-L1 in the TME of HCC is a major and important source for PD-L1/PD-1 axis–mediated suppression on intratumor CD8+ T cells, which further induce resistance to anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy. This evidence concerns the gene PDCD1 and hepatocellular carcinoma.